Effects of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on gag reflex in patients with chronic pharyngitis undergoing gastroscopy / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the effects of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage administered for oropharyngeal anesthesia on gag reflex in patients with chronic pharyngitis during gastroscopy.Methods:A total of 100 patients with chronic pharyngitis who met American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification I-II and received treatment in The First Affiliated Hospital of Ximen University from January to December 2020 were included in this study. Using the principle of voluntariness, these patients were divided into dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage (D) and control (C) groups, with 50 patients in each group. Ten minutes before anesthesia induction, patients in Group D took 10 mL of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage in the mouth, but did not swallow it, and those in Group C were identically given equal volume of placebo. Ten minutes later, dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage or placebo was swallowed. For anesthesia induction, 20 μg Fentanyl and 2-4 mg/kg Propofol were intravenously administered. A gastroscopy examination was performed after the patient's consciousness disappeared. The patient's cough and body movement response scores during gastroscopy were recorded. Before anesthesia induction (T0), before endoscope insertion (T1), after endoscope insertion (T2), and after endoscope withdrawal (T3), mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded.Results:The incidence rate of cough and body movement in Group D were 20% (10/50) and 24% (12/50), which were significantly lower than 72% (36/50) and 68% (34/50) in Group C ( χ2 = 27.21, 19.49, both P < 0.001). At T1, mean arterial pressure in Group D and Group C was (62.21 ± 10.32) mmHg and (63.82 ± 10.51) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively, which were significantly lower than (70.21 ± 13.13) mmHg and (70.91 ± 14.02) mmHg at T0 ( t = 3.15, 5.82, both P < 0.05). At T2, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in Group C were (80.13 ± 11.92) mmHg and (90.02 ± 15.63) beats/minute, respectively, which were significantly higher than (70.91 ± 14.02) mmHg and (78.75 ± 14.93) beats/minute at T0 in the same group ( t = 5.99, 4.03, both P < 0.05) and were also significantly higher than (66.21 ± 12.33) mmHg and (76.53 ± 10.31) beats/minute] at T2 in Group D ( t = 2.07, 2.67, both P < 0.05). Conclusion:Dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage administered for oropharyngeal anesthesia can effectively suppress gag reflex in patients with chronic pharyngitis and increase hemodynamic stability during gastroscopy.

Tecnologias para educação em saúde sobre obstrução das vias aéreas por corpo estranho: revisão integrativa / Tecnologías para la educación en salud sobre la obstrucción de la vía aérea por cuerpo extraño: una revisión integradora / Technologies for health education about foreign-body airway obstruction: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as tecnologias desenvolvidas para educação em saúde sobre obstrução das vias aéreas. Método Revisão integrativa realizada mediante busca nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science e Scopus. Selecionaram-se estudos originais, sem restrições de tempo e idioma. Os dados foram extraídos por dois pesquisadores independentes e organizados em quadros sinópticos. A integração dos resultados fundamentou-se no método de redução de dados. Resultados Foram incluídos oito artigos, publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, com predominância de estudos metodológicos. As tecnologias evidenciadas foram dos tipos aplicativos, cursos online, animação 3D, cartilha e website. A temática foi abordada entre os conteúdos do Suporte Básico de Vida. Observou-se ausência de tecnologias que abordassem o tema com acessibilidade. Conclusão As tecnologias identificadas eram no formato digital e impresso e possuíam validade de conteúdo e efetividade para utilização na educação e saúde. Ainda assim, há lacuna de estudos que evidenciem tecnologias educacionais específicas sobre obstrução das vias aéreas.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar las tecnologías desarrolladas para la educación en salud sobre la obstrucción de la vía aérea. Método Revisión integradora realizada mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science y Scopus. Se seleccionaron estudios originales, sin restricciones de tiempo ni de idioma. Los datos fueron extraídos por dos investigadores independientes y organizados en cuadros sinópticos. La integración de los resultados se basó en el método de reducción de datos. Resultados Se incluyeron ocho artículos publicados en revistas brasileñas e internacionales, con predominio de estudios metodológicos. Las tecnologías evidenciadas fueron de los tipos aplicaciones, cursos en línea, animación 3D, cartilla y sitio web. El tema se abordó entre los contenidos del Soporte Vital Básico. Se ha observado la carencia de tecnologías que aborden el tema con accesibilidad. Conclusión Las tecnologías identificadas estaban en formato digital e impreso y tenían validez de contenido y eficacia para su uso en educación y salud. Sin embargo, hay una carencia de estudios que evidencien tecnologías educativas específicas sobre la obstrucción de la vía aérea.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze technologies developed for health education about airway obstruction. Method Integrative review through search in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and Scopus. Original studies, with no time and language restrictions, were selected. The data were extracted by two independent researchers and organized into synoptic tables. Result integration was based on the data reduction method. Results The eight included articles were published in Brazilian and international journals and were predominantly methodological. The identified technologies were applications, online courses, 3D animations, booklet, and website. The theme was approached among the contents of Basic Life Support. An absence of technologies approaching the theme with accessibility was observed. Conclusion The identified technologies were digital and printed, presenting content validity and effectivity for use in education and health. Even so, there is gap in studies highlighting specific educational technologies on airway obstruction.

Applied Aspects of Behavioural Sciences in Prosthodontics

Diagnosis and treatment planning is one of the essential measures before starting any treatment and must include considerations of the biological, psychological, social, and economic status of the patient in addition to the obvious dental problems. Patients who approach a dental surgeon for treatment usually demand realistic replacement of the lost tissues, be it hard or soft tissues. Patients usually have an unrealistic expectation about the replacement and always think that artificial substitutes will surpass the natural tissues lost both in aesthetic and functional aspects. It is impossible to the dental surgeons to deal with few patients if he is not able to assess the mental attitude of the patient and programme his treatment accordingly. It is the greatest challenge to the dental surgeon to meet the patients mind and satisfy his expectations. This article aims to provide a review of the mental and emotional factors involved in prosthodontic treatment and the methods to develop the right attitude towards the patients. Literature has recognized a relationship between psychology and dentistry and has attempted to describe the factors that require consideration during dental therapy. A practical approach to patient management now replaces the theoretical approaches. It is imperative to understand the individual carrying the ailment and his/her psychological background as familiarity with the biological and organic aspects of disease alone is not passable for the successful prosthodontic rehabilitation. Mental attitude of the patient helps us visualise the prognosis of treatment in prosthodontic patients especially the geriatric patients.

Dental treatment in patients with severe gag reflex using propofol-remifentanil intravenous sedation

Patients with severe gag reflex (SGR) have difficulty getting the treatment they require in local clinics, and many tend to postpone the start of their treatment. To address this problem, dentists have used behavioral techniques and/or pharmacological techniques for treatment. Among the pharmacological methods available, propofol IV sedation is preferred over general anesthesia because it is a simpler procedure. Propofol in combination with remifentanil is characterized by stable sedative effects and quick recovery, leading to a deep sedation. Remifentanil acts to reduce the pain caused by lipid-soluble propofol on injection. The synergistic effects of propofol-remifentanil include reduction in the total amount of drug required to achieve a desired sedation level and anti-emetic effects. In this case report, we outline how the use of propofol-remifentanil IV sedation enabled us to successfully complete a wide range of dental treatments in a patient with SGR.

Lidocaine spray on an endoscope immediately before insertion improves patient tolerance to endoscopy: A single center, clinical observational study

BACKGROUND: Topical pharyngeal anesthesia reduces discomfort during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) but may not increase tolerance to the procedure. This case-control study was performed to assess whether lidocaine spray on the endoscope in addition to pharyngeal anesthesia improves patient tolerance to endoscopy we performed. METHODS: Patients who underwent UGIE were assigned to either the case group where the endoscope was treated with 2 sprays of 10% lidocaine before insertion or the control group given only conventional pharyngeal anesthesia. And we compared the frequency of belching and retching during endoscopy. RESULTS: Among 497 eligible patients, 262 were assigned to the case group and 235 to the control group. There were significant differences between the two groups in belching (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.09-0.24, P < 0.01) and retching (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.15-0.34, P = 0.01) during endoscopy using multivariate analysis. Younger patients (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94-0.98, P < 0.01) and female patients (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.40-3.33, P = 0.01) had belching more frequently than older patients and male patients, respectively. Retching was more frequent in sedated patients (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25-0.61, P = 0.01) and those with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.00-2.21, P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Use of lidocaine spray on the endoscope improves patient tolerance during UGIE compared to only conventional pharyngeal anesthesia.

Management of Gagging In Complete Denture Wearer- A Case Report.

Gagging is a common phenomenon observed in Upper Complete denture patients. An Approach in management of Severe GAG reflex in an Edentulous patient who were to undergo complete Denture prosthesis.

Palateless custom bar supported overdenture: A treatment modality to treat patient with severe gag reflex.

Objective: To suggest a custom bar supported overdenture treatment modality for prosthodontic management of patients with severe gag reflex. Background: Some patients have a severe gag reflex and cannot tolerate conventional maxillary complete dentures with maximum palatal coverage and extensions of all borders. The condition further gets complicated in patients suffering from respiratory problems along with severe gag reflex. Severe gagging acts as a barrier to treat such patients with accepted clinical procedures and prevent patients from wearing the prosthesis. By saving some of the remaining natural teeth and fabricating, a horse shoe shape palateless simple tooth or bar supported overdenture can be successfully used for treating such patients. Materials and Methods: The remaining maxillary right and left canines were prepared with the tapered round end diamond bur to receive copings of custom bar after intentional root canal treatment of same teeth. Impression was made with light body and putty of the polyvinyl siloxane elastomer with double step putty wash technique. Impression was poured with die stone. Wax pattern of copings with bar was fabricated with inlay wax which was invested and casted. After retrieving the bar, it was finished and its fit was evaluated. The coping-bar assembly was finally cemented with the glass ionomer cement. Palateless overdenture was fabricated by conventional technique used for the fabrication of complete denture. Conclusion: Palateless custom bar supported overdenture procedure can be successfully used for the management of patients with severe gag reflex with improved denture retention, stability, chewing efficiency and comfort of the patient.

Use of training dentures in management of gagging.

Gagging is a frequent impediment to the performance of dental procedures. This stimulation of the gagging reflex, or more accurately, the vomiting reflex, is a special problem in prosthodontic service. A hypersensitive gagging reflex often prevents the dentist from carrying out critical procedures or causes them to performat a less than satisfactory level. In addition, once having suffered an unpleasant gagging experience in a dentist's office, the patients develop a fear of further visits to dentists. The purpose of this paper is to describe methods of managing the gagging patient that has a sound rationale based on modified treatment approaches starting from impression making to design of the prosthesis aided by training dentures to help the patient to tolerate prosthesis in mouth before fabrication of definite prosthesis.

Estimulação mecânico-térmica dos pilares palatoglosso / Mechanical-thermal stimulation of the palatoglossus pillars

RACIONAL: Os pilares palatoglosso foram admitidos como a principal sede dos receptores responsáveis por iniciar a fase faríngea da deglutição. Essa fase reflexa iniciar-se-ia em resposta ao estímulo produzido pelo progresso do bolo e da língua em sentido posterior. Esses conceitos deram base à manobra mecânico-térmica que visa estimular os receptores desses pilares, produzindo respostas motoras capazes de potencializar a recuperação da função faríngea comprometida. O conceito de possível resposta motora ao estímulo desses pilares, embora comum, não é unanimemente aceito. OBJETIVO: Verificar as possíveis respostas motoras produzidas pelo estímulo mecânico- térmico sobre os pilares palatoglosso. MÉTODOS: Por entender que indivíduos sadios são capazes de prover respostas reflexas mais efetivas do que as que seriam obtidas em pacientes, avaliaram-se 51 voluntários adultos sadios de ambos os sexos reproduzindo o estímulo sobre os pilares, usando sonda metálica de ponta romba resfriada em água mantida a 10°C. RESULTADOS E CONSIDERAÇÕES: O estudo mostrou que o estímulo mecânico-térmico sobre os pilares não foi capaz de produzir qualquer resposta motora envolvida na dinâmica da fase faríngea da deglutição. É possível que as respostas contráteis observadas em alguns estudos devam-se ao reflexo de gag inadequadamente interpretado ou a contrações voluntárias inconscientes por esforço de manutenção da abertura da boca e externalização da língua durante a exposição dos pilares para execução da manobra de estimulação mecânico-térmica.

BACKGROUND: The palatoglossus pillars were admitted as the main receptive responsible area by the pharyngeal swallowing reflex produced by food and tongue posterior progression. This concept sustain the mechanical-thermal maneuver used to recovery the committed pharyngeal function. A pharyngeal motor answer by pillar stimulation is common accepted but not unanimously. AIM: To verify the possible pharyngeal motor answers by palatoglossus pillars mechanical thermal stimulation. METHODS: Healthy volunteers are more able to provide effective reflex answers by pillars stimuli than patients. In this way we evaluated 51 healthy adult volunteers from both sexes reproducing the pillars stimuli using metallic probe. The cold condition was obtained by probe immersion in water maintained to 10°C. RESULTS AND CONSIDERATIONS: The study showed that the mechanical thermal stimuli over pillars was not able to produce any active answer linked to the swallowing pharyngeal phase. It is possible that literature observed answers were due to the gag reflex inadequately interpreted or unconscious voluntary contractions effort produced by the opening mouth and tongue externalization during the pillars exposition to execution of the mechanical thermal stimulation maneuvers.

Gagging: Accidental, suicidal or religious sacrifice.

Gagging involves the obstruction across the mouth or within it. Homicidal gagging especially for infants and disabled is a known entity. Accidental cases are documented for mentally ill and young children. Suicides are rarely reported. Here, we report a case where an apparently healthy, intoxicated, elderly male died of gagging in suspicious circumstances raising doubts about an accidental or suicidal nature of death.